Predonation psychiatric disorders were more common in unrelated than related donors (p = 0.05).
The percent with depressive symptoms (8% PHQ-9 > 10) was similar to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants (7%, p = 0.30).
Of 6909 eligible donors, 3470 were contacted and 2455 participated (71%). Postdonation, in a cross-sectional cohort design 2010–2012, donors completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression screening instrument, the Life Orientation Test-Revised, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and donation experience questions. In the Renal and Lung Living Donors Evaluation Study (RELIVE), records from donations performed 1963–2005 were reviewed for depression and antidepressant use predonation. The association of positive attitudes with mortality merits further study.įollowing kidney donation, short-term quality of life outcomes compare favorably to US normative data but long-term effects on mood are not known. Optimism was associated with reduced CHD mortality in older men and women. No associations were found for all-cause, CVD, or cancer mortality. Cox proportional hazard models showed that higher total LOT-R and optimism, but not pessimism scores, were associated with reduced odds of CHD mortality after adjusting for age, sex, alcohol, smoking, obesity, physical exercise, and medication (HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75, 0.99 HR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61, 0.99, resp.). Participants with the highest optimism were younger and reported less alcohol use and smoking and more exercise. Total LOT-R, optimism and pessimism scores were calculated. Mortality outcomes were followed through 2012.Īverage age at baseline was 74.1 years during follow-up (mean = 8.1 years), 198 participants died, 62 from CVD, 22 from CHD, and 49 from cancer. To examine the associations of optimism and pessimism with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and cancer mortality in a population-based sample of older men and women followed ≤12 years.ģ67 men and 509 women aged ≥50 from the Rancho Bernardo Study attended a 1999–2002 research clinic visit when demographic, behavioral, and medical history were obtained and completed a 1999 mailed survey including the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Future research is required to investigate whether psychological interventions to increase optimism or decrease pessimism can reduce risk of all-cause mortality. We suggest optimism and pessimism be measured as separate constructs, as both of these have distinct effects on mortality risk. Results of a meta-analysis indicated that optimism measured categorically was associated with lower risk of mortality (pooled RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79-0.91). Eleven of the 18 studies assessing optimism reported that optimism was associated with lower risk of mortality, while seven of eight studies measuring pessimism and the two assessing unrealistic optimism reported that higher pessimism/unrealistic optimism was associated with an increased mortality risk. From 6837 retrospective/prospective cohort studies identified, 25 were included, with a total of 217,256 participants. A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence on the association of optimism and pessimism and all-cause mortality. Optimism and pessimism have different associations with health-related behaviours, coping style, and a number of health outcomes. Research suggests that optimism and pessimism should be studied as two distinct constructs rather than as unidimensional, at opposing ends of a continuum.
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